False solutions: How do fossil fuel companies reproduce their power through the energy transition

This paper investigates 48 false climate projects that help fossil fuel companies deflect the need to change. Case studies span several technologies, including biofuels, green hydrogen, green ammonia, direct air capture, CCS, carbon offsetting through Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and forest Degradation in Developing countries (REDD+), and other afforestation projects, as well as wind, solar, geothermal and hydroelectric power plants owned by fossil fuel incumbents.  Fossil fuel companies play into existing narratives to increase environmental harm.